ontology information science knowledge graph redirects here for the google knowledge base see knowledge graph for other uses see knowledge engine disambiguation this article is about ontology in information science for the study of the nature of being see ontology information science general aspects information access information architecture information management information retrieval information seeking information society knowledge organization ontology taxonomy philosophy of information science and technology studies related fields and subfields bibliometrics categorization censorship classification computer data storage cultural studies data modeling informatics information technology intellectual freedom intellectual property memory library and information science preservation privacy quantum information science library and information science portalvte in computer science and information science an ontology encompasses a representation formal naming and definition of the categories properties and relations between the concepts data and entities that substantiate one many or all domains every field creates ontologies to limit complexity and organize information into data and knowledge as new ontologies are made their use hopefully improves problem solving within that domain translating research papers within every field is a problem made easier when experts from different countries maintain a controlled vocabulary of jargon between each of their languages since google started an initiative called knowledge graph a substantial amount of research has gone on using the phrase knowledge graph as a generalized term although there is no clear definition for the term knowledge graph it is sometimes used as synonym for ontology unlike ontologies knowledge graphs such as googles knowledge graph and dbpedia often contain large volumes of factual information with less formal semantics in some contexts the term knowledge graph is used to refer to any knowledge base that is represented as a graph etymology ontology etymology the compound word ontology combines onto from the greek on gen ontos ie being that which is which is the present participle of the verb eim ie to be i am and logia ie logical discourse see classical compounds for this type of word formation while the etymology is greek the oldest extant record of the word itself the new latin form ontologia appeared in 1606 in the work ogdoas scholastica by jacob lorhard lorhardus and in 1613 in the lexicon philosophicum by rudolf gckel goclenius the first occurrence in english of ontology as recorded by the oed oxford english dictionary online edition 2008 came in archeologia philosophica nova or new principles of philosophy by gideon harvey overview what ontologies in both information science and philosophy have in common is the attempt to represent entities ideas and events with all their interdependent properties and relations according to a system of categories in both fields there is considerable work on problems of ontology engineering eg quine and kripke in philosophy sowa and guarino in computer science and debates concerning to what extent normative ontology is possible eg foundationalism and coherentism in philosophy bfo and cyc in artificial intelligence applied ontology is considered a spiritual successor to prior work in philosophy however many current efforts are more concerned with establishing controlled vocabularies of narrow domains than first principles the existence of fixed essences or whether enduring objects eg perdurantism and endurantism may be ontologically more primary than processes every field uses ontological assumptions to frame explicit theories research and applications for instance the definition and ontology of economics is a primacy concern in marxist economics an example of economics relying on information science occurs in cases where a simulation or model is intended to enable economic decisions such as determining what capital assets are at risk and by how much see risk management artificial intelligence has retained the most attention regarding applied ontology in subfields like natural language processing within machine translation and knowledge representation but ontology editors are being used often in a range of fields like education without the intent to contribute to ai history metaphysics history artificial intelligence history ontologies arise out of the branch of philosophy known as metaphysics which deals with questions like what exists and what is the nature of reality one of five traditional branches of philosophy metaphysics is concerned with exploring existence through properties entities and relations such as those between particulars and universals intrinsic and extrinsic properties or essence and existence metaphysics has been an ongoing topic of discussion since recorded history since the mid1970s researchers in the field of artificial intelligence ai have recognized that knowledge engineering is the key to building large and powerful ai systems ai researchers argued that they could create new ontologies as computational models that enable certain kinds of automated reasoning which was only marginally successful in the 1980s the ai community began to use the term ontology to refer to both a theory of a modeled world and a component of knowledgebased systems some researchers drawing inspiration from philosophical ontologies viewed computational ontology as a kind of applied philosophy in the early 1990s the widely cited web page and paper toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing by tom gruber attempting to distance ontologies from taxonomies and similar efforts in knowledge modeling that rely on classes and inheritance gruber stated 1993 ontologies are often equated with taxonomic hierarchies of classes class definitions and the subsumption relation but ontologies need not be limited to these forms ontologies are also not limited to conservative definitions that is definitions in the traditional logic sense that only introduce terminology and do not add any knowledge about the world as refinement of grubers definition feilmayr and w 2016 stated an ontology is a formal explicit specification of a shared conceptualization that is characterized by high semantic expressiveness required for increased complexity components ontology components contemporary ontologies share many structural similarities regardless of the language in which they are expressed most ontologies describe individuals instances classes concepts attributes and relations in this section each of these components is discussed in turn common components of ontologies include individuals instances or objects the basic or ground level objects classes sets collections concepts classes in programming types of objects or kinds of things attributes aspects properties features characteristics or parameters that objects and classes can have relations ways in which classes and individuals can be related to one another function terms complex structures formed from certain relations that can be used in place of an individual term in a statement restrictions formally stated descriptions of what must be true in order for some assertion to be accepted as input rules statements in the form of an ifthen antecedentconsequent sentence that describe the logical inferences that can be drawn from an assertion in a particular form axioms assertions including rules in a logical form that together comprise the overall theory that the ontology describes in its domain of application this definition differs from that of axioms in generative grammar and formal logic in those disciplines axioms include only statements asserted as a priori knowledge as used here axioms also include the theory derived from axiomatic statements events the changing of attributes or relations ontologies are commonly encoded using ontology languages types domain ontology a domain ontology or domainspecific ontology represents concepts which belong to a part of the world such as biology or politics each domain ontology typically models domain specific definitions of terms for example the word card has many different meanings an ontology about the domain of poker would model the playing card meaning of the word while an ontology about the domain of computer hardware would model the punched card and video card meanings since domain ontologies are written by different people they represent concepts in very specific and unique ways and are often incompatible within the same project as systems that rely on domain ontologies expand they often need to merge domain ontologies by handtuning each entity or using a combination of software merging and handtuning this presents a challenge to the ontology designer different ontologies in the same domain arise due to different languages different intended usage of the ontologies and different perceptions of the domain based on cultural background education ideology etc at present merging ontologies that are not developed from a common upper ontology is a largely manual process and therefore timeconsuming and expensive domain ontologies that use the same upper ontology to provide a set of basic elements with which to specify the meanings of the domain ontology entities can be merged with less effort there are studies on generalized techniques for merging ontologies but this area of research is still ongoing and its a recent event to see the issue sidestepped by having multiple domain ontologies using the same upper ontology like the obo foundry upper ontology upper ontology an upper ontology or foundation ontology is a model of the common relations and objects that are generally applicable across a wide range of domain ontologies it usually employs a core glossary that contains the terms and associated object descriptions as they are used in various relevant domain ontologies standardized upper ontologies available for use include bfo boro method dublin core gfo opencycresearchcyc sumo umbel the unified foundational ontology ufo hybrid ontology the gellish ontology is an example of a combination of an upper and a domain ontology visualization a survey of ontology visualization techniques is presented by katifori et al engineering ontology engineering ontology engineering also called ontology building is a set of tasks related to the development of ontologies for a particular domain ontology engineering aims to make explicit the knowledge contained in software applications and organizational procedures for a particular domain ontology engineering offers a direction for overcoming semantic obstacles such as those related to the definitions of business terms and software classes known challenges with ontology engineering include ensuring the ontology is current with domain knowledge and term use providing sufficient specificity and concept coverage for the domain of interest thus minimizing the content completeness problem ensuring the ontology can support its use cases editors ontology editors are applications designed to assist in the creation or manipulation of ontologies its common for ontology editors to use one or more ontology languages aspects of ontology editors include the visual navigation possibilities within the knowledge model inference engines and information extraction support for modules import export foreign knowledge representation languages for ontology matching and the support of metaontologies such as owls dublin core etc name written in license features publishercreator aka software ontology taxonomy and thesaurus management software the synercon group anzo for excel includes an rdfs and owl ontology editor within excel generates ontologies from excel spreadsheets cambridge semantics be informed suite commercial tool for building large ontology based applications includes visual editors inference engines export to standard formats chimaera other web service stanford university cmaptools java based ontology editor coe ontology editor supports numerous formats florida institute for human and machine cognition dot15926 editor python open source ontology editor for data compliant to engineering ontology standard iso 15926 allows python scripting and patternbased data analysis supports extensions emftext owl2 manchester editor eclipsebased opensource pellet integration enterprise architect along with uml modeling supports omgs ontology definition metamodel which includes owl and rdf sparx systems fluent editor ontology editor for owl and swrl with controlled natural language controlled english supports owl rdf dl and functional rendering unlimited imports and builtin reasoning services grafo free and commercial a visual collaborative and real time ontology and knowledge graph schema editor features include sharing documents commenting search and tracking history support w3c semantic web standards rdf rdfs owl and also property graph schemas capsenta hozo java graphical editor especially created to produce heavyweight and well thought out ontologies osaka university and enegate co ltd java ontology editor joe 1998 kaon open source single user and server based solutions possible fziaifb karlsruhe kmgen ontology editor for the km languagekm the knowledge machine knoodl free web applicationservice that is an ontology editor wiki and ontology registry supports creation of communities where members can collaboratively import create discuss document and publish ontologies supports owl rdf rdfs and sparql queries revelytix inc menthor editor an ontology engineering tool for dealing with ontouml it also includes ontouml syntax validation alloy simulation antipattern verification and transformations from ontouml to owl sbvr and natural language brazilian portuguese model futures ideas addin free a plugin for enterprise architect that allows ideas group 4d ontologies to be developed using a uml profile model futures owl editor free able to work with very large owl files eg cyc and has extensive import and export capabilities inc uml thesaurus descriptor ms word ca erwin data modeler csv etc myweb java mysql connection bundled with applet that allows online browsing of ontologies including obo neologism built on drupal open source webbased supports rdfs and a subset of owl neon toolkit eclipsebased open source owl support several import mechanisms support for reuse and management of networked ontologies visualization etc neon project obis web based user interface that allows users to input ontology instances that can be accessed via sparql endpoint oboedit java open source downloadable developed by the gene ontology consortium for editing biological ontologies ontostudio eclipse downloadable support for rdfs owl and objectlogic derived from flogic graphical rule editor visualizations semafora systems ontolingua web service stanford university ontolis collaborative web application for managing ontologies and knowledge engineering webbrowserbased graphical rules editor sophisticated search and export interface web service available to link ontology information to existing data open semantic framework osf an integrated software stack using semantic technologies for knowledge management which includes an ontology editor owlgred a graphical ontology editor easytouse poolparty thesaurus server commercial ontology taxonomy and thesaurus management software fully based on standards like rdfs skos and sparql integrated with virtuoso universal server semantic web company protg java open source downloadable supports owl many sample ontologies stanford university scholonto netcentric representations of research semantic turkey firefox extension based on java for managing ontologies and acquiring new knowledge from the web developed at university of rome tor vergata sigma knowledge engineering environment is a system primarily for development of the suggested upper merged ontology swoop java open source downloadable owl ontology browser and editor university of maryland semaphore ontology manager commercial ontology taxonomy and thesaurus management software tool to manage the entire build enhance review maintain ontology lifecycle smartlogic semaphore limited synaptica ontology taxonomy and thesaurus management software web based supports owl and skos synaptica llc topbraid composer eclipsebased downloadable full support for rdfs and owl builtin inference engine swrl editor and sparql queries visualization import of xml and uml topquadrant transinsight editor especially designed for creating text mining ontologies and part of gopubmedorg webode web service technical university of madrid twouse toolkit eclipsebased open source modeldriven ontology editing environment especially designed for software engineers thesaurus master manages creation and use of ontologies for use in data management and semantic enrichment by enterprise government and scholarly publishers tode net tool for ontology development and editing vocbench collaborative web platform for management of skos thesauri owl ontologies and ontolex lexicons now in its third incarnation supported by the isa2 program of the eu originally developed on a joint effort between university of rome tor vergata and the food and the agriculture organization of the united nations fao learning ontology learning ontology learning is the automatic or semiautomatic creation of ontologies including extracting a domains terms from natural language text as building ontologies manually is extremely laborintensive and time consuming there is great motivation to automate the process information extraction and text mining have been explored to automatically link ontologies to documents for example in the context of the biocreative challenges languages ontology language an ontology language is a formal language used to encode an ontology there are a number of such languages for ontologies both proprietary and standardsbased common algebraic specification language is a general logicbased specification language developed within the ifip working group 13 foundations of system specifications and is a de facto standard language for software specifications it is now being applied to ontology specifications in order to provide modularity and structuring mechanisms common logic is iso standard 24707 a specification of a family of ontology languages that can be accurately translated into each other the cyc project has its own ontology language called cycl based on firstorder predicate calculus with some higherorder extensions dogma developing ontologygrounded methods and applications adopts the factoriented modeling approach to provide a higher level of semantic stability the gellish language includes rules for its own extension and thus integrates an ontology with an ontology language idef5 is a software engineering method to develop and maintain usable accurate domain ontologies kif is a syntax for firstorder logic that is based on sexpressions suokif is a derivative version supporting the suggested upper merged ontology mof and uml are standards of the omg olog is a category theoretic approach to ontologies emphasizing translations between ontologies using functors obo a language used for biological and biomedical ontologies ontouml is an ontologically wellfounded profile of uml for conceptual modeling of domain ontologies owl is a language for making ontological statements developed as a followon from rdf and rdfs as well as earlier ontology language projects including oil daml and damloil owl is intended to be used over the world wide web and all its elements classes properties and individuals are defined as rdf resources and identified by uris rule interchange format rif and flogic combine ontologies and rules semantic application design language sadl captures a subset of the expressiveness of owl using an englishlike language entered via an eclipse plugin sbvr semantics of business vocabularies and rules is an omg standard adopted in industry to build ontologies tove project toronto virtual enterprise project published examples aurum information security ontology an ontology for information security knowledge sharing enabling users to collaboratively understand and extend the domain knowledge body it may serve as a basis for automated information security risk and compliance management babelnet a very large multilingual semantic network and ontology lexicalized in many languages basic formal ontology a formal upper ontology designed to support scientific research biopax an ontology for the exchange and interoperability of biological pathway cellular processes data bmo an ebusiness model ontology based on a review of enterprise ontologies and business model literature ssbmo a strongly sustainable business model ontology based on a review of the systems based natural and social science literature including business includes critique of and significant extensions to the business model ontology bmo cco and gexkb application ontologies apo that integrate diverse types of knowledge with the cell cycle ontology cco and the gene expression knowledge base gexkb ccontology customer complaint ontology an ebusiness ontology to support online customer complaint management cidoc conceptual reference model an ontology for cultural heritage cosmo a foundation ontology current version in owl that is designed to contain representations of all of the primitive concepts needed to logically specify the meanings of any domain entity it is intended to serve as a basic ontology that can be used to translate among the representations in other ontologies or databases it started as a merger of the basic elements of the opencyc and sumo ontologies and has been supplemented with other ontology elements types relations so as to include representations of all of the words in the longman dictionary defining vocabulary cyc a large foundation ontology for formal representation of the universe of discourse disease ontology designed to facilitate the mapping of diseases and associated conditions to particular medical codes dolce a descriptive ontology for linguistic and cognitive engineering drammar ontology of drama dublin core a simple ontology for documents and publishing financial industry business ontology fibo a business conceptual ontology for the financial industry foundational core and linguistic ontologies foundational model of anatomy an ontology for human anatomy friend of a friend an ontology for describing persons their activities and their relations to other people and objects gene ontology for genomics gellish english dictionary an ontology that includes a dictionary and taxonomy that includes an upper ontology and a lower ontology that focusses on industrial and business applications in engineering technology and procurement geopolitical ontology an ontology describing geopolitical information created by food and agriculture organizationfao the geopolitical ontology includes names in multiple languages english french spanish arabic chinese russian and italian maps standard coding systems un iso faostat agrovoc etc provides relations among territories land borders group membership etc and tracks historical changes in addition fao provides web services of geopolitical ontology and a module maker to download modules of the geopolitical ontology into different formats rdf xml and excel see more information at fao country profiles gao general automotive ontology an ontology for the automotive industry that includes car extensions gold general ontology for linguistic description gum generalized upper model a linguistically motivated ontology for mediating between clients systems and natural language technology ideas group a formal ontology for enterprise architecture being developed by the australian canadian uk and us defence depts linkbase a formal representation of the biomedical domain founded upon basic formal ontology lpl lawson pattern language ncbo bioportal biological and biomedical ontologies and associated tools to search browse and visualise nifstd ontologies from the neuroscience information framework a modular set of ontologies for the neuroscience domain oboedit an ontology browser for most of the open biological and biomedical ontologies obo foundry a suite of interoperable reference ontologies in biology and biomedicine omnibus ontology an ontology of learning instruction and instructional design ontology for biomedical investigations an openaccess integrated ontology of biological and clinical investigations onstr ontology for newborn screening followup and translational research newborn screening followup data integration collaborative emory university atlanta plant ontology for plant structures and growthdevelopment stages etc pope purdue ontology for pharmaceutical engineering pro the protein ontology of the protein information resource georgetown university probonto knowledge base and ontology of probability distributions program abstraction taxonomy protein ontology for proteomics rxno ontology for name reactions in chemistry sequence ontology for representing genomic feature types found on biological sequences snomed ct systematized nomenclature of medicineclinical terms suggested upper merged ontology a formal upper ontology systems biology ontology sbo for computational models in biology sweet semantic web for earth and environmental terminology thoughttreasure ontology timeitem topics for indexing medical education uberon representing animal anatomical structures umbel a lightweight reference structure of 20000 subject concept classes and their relationships derived from opencyc wordnet a lexical reference system yamato yet another more advanced toplevel ontology the w3c linking open data community project coordinates attempts to converge different ontologies into worldwide semantic web libraries the development of ontologies has led to the emergence of services providing lists or directories of ontologies called ontology libraries the following are libraries of humanselected ontologies colore is an open repository of firstorder ontologies in common logic with formal links between ontologies in the repository daml ontology library maintains a legacy of ontologies in daml ontology design patterns portal is a wiki repository of reusable components and practices for ontology design and also maintains a list of exemplary ontologies protg ontology library contains a set of owl framebased and other format ontologies schemaweb is a directory of rdf schemata expressed in rdfs owl and damloil the following are both directories and search engines obo foundry is a suite of interoperable reference ontologies in biology and biomedicine bioportal ontology repository of ncbo ontoselect ontology library offers similar services for rdfs daml and owl ontologies ontaria is a searchable and browsable directory of semantic web data with a focus on rdf vocabularies with owl ontologies nb project on hold since 2004 swoogle is a directory and search engine for all rdf resources available on the web including ontologies open ontology repository initiative romulus is a foundational ontology repository aimed at improving semantic interoperability currently there are three foundational ontologies in the repository dolce bfo and gfo examples of applications in general ontologies can be used beneficially in several fields enterprise applications a more concrete example is sapphire health care or situational awareness and preparedness for public health incidences and reasoning engines which is a semanticsbased health information system capable of tracking and evaluating situations and occurrences that may affect public health geographic information systems bring together data from different sources and benefit therefore from ontological metadata which helps to connect the semantics of the data commonsense knowledge bases controlled vocabulary folksonomy formal concept analysis formal ontology lattice ontology ontology alignment ontology chart open semantic framework soft ontology terminology extraction weak ontology web ontology language related philosophical concepts alphabet of human thought characteristica universalis interoperability metalanguage natural semantic metalanguage oberle d guarino n staab s 2009 what is an ontology in handbook on ontologies springer 2nd edition 2009 fensel d van harmelen f horrocks i mcguinness d l patelschneider p f 2001 oil an ontology infrastructure for the semantic web in intelligent systems ieee 162 3845 gangemi a presutti v 2009 ontology design patterns in staab s et al eds handbook on ontologies 2nd edition springer 2009 maria golemati akrivi katifori costas vassilakis george lepouras constantin halatsis 2007 creating an ontology for the user profile method and applications in proceedings of the first ieee international conference on research challenges in information science rcis morocco 2007 mizoguchi r 2004 tutorial on ontological engineering part 3 advanced course of ontological engineering in new generation computing ohmsha springerverlag 222198220 gruber t r 1993 a translation approach to portable ontology specifications pdf knowledge acquisition 5 199199 doi101006knac19931008 maedche a staab s 2001 ontology learning for the semantic web in intelligent systems ieee 162 7279 natalya f noy and deborah l mcguinness ontology development 101 a guide to creating your first ontology stanford knowledge systems laboratory technical report ksl0105 and stanford medical informatics technical report smi20010880 march 2001 chaminda abeysiriwardana prabath kodituwakku saluka r 2012 ontology based information extraction for disease intelligence international journal of research in computer science 2 6 719 arxiv12113497 doi107815ijorcs262012051 razmerita l angehrn a maedche a 2003 ontologybased user modeling for knowledge management systems in lecture notes in computer science 21317 soylu a de causmaecker patrick 2009merging model driven and ontology driven system development approaches pervasive computing perspective in proc 24th intl symposium on computer and information sciences pp 730735 smith b ontology science in c eschenbach and m gruninger eds formal ontology in information systems proceedings of fois 2008 amsterdamnew york iso press 2135 staab s studer r 2009 handbook on ontologies 2nd edition springerverlag heidelberg uschold mike gruninger m 1996 ontologies principles methods and applications knowledge engineering review 112 w pidcock what are the differences between a vocabulary a taxonomy a thesaurus an ontology and a metamodel yudelson m gavrilova t brusilovsky p 2005 towards user modeling metaontology lecture notes in computer science 3538 448 movshovitzattias dana and cohen william w 2012 bootstrapping biomedical ontologies for scientific text using nell bionlp in naacl association for computational linguistics 2012 wikimedia commons has media related to ontology knowledge representation at open directory project library of ontologies gopubmed using ontologies for searching ontolog aka ontolog forum an open international virtual community of practice on ontology ontological engineering and semantic technology use of ontologies in natural language processing ontology summit an annual series of events first started in 2006 that involves the ontology community and communities related to each years theme chosen for the summit standardization of ontologies vtesemantic webbackground databases hypertext internet ontologies semantic networks world wide web subtopics data web dataspaces hyperdata linked data rulebased systems applications semantic analytics semantic broker semantic computing semantic mapper semantic matching semantic publishing semantic reasoner semantic search semantic serviceoriented architecture semantic wiki related topics collective intelligence description logic folksonomy geotagging information architecture knowledge extraction knowledge management knowledge representation and reasoning library 20 digital library digital humanities metadata mind mapping odbc references topic map web 20 web engineering web science trust standardssyntax and supporting technologies http iri uri rdf triples rdfxml jsonld turtle trig notation3 ntriples trix no w3c standard rrid sparql xml schemas ontologies and rules common logic owl rdfs rule interchange format semantic web rule language alps semantic annotation erdf grddl microdata microformats rdfa sawsdl facebook platform common vocabularies doap dublin core foaf schemaorg sioc skos microformat vocabularies hatom hcalendar hcard hproduct hrecipe hresume hreview vtesoftware engineeringfields computer programming requirements engineering software deployment software design software maintenance software testing systems analysis formal methods concepts data modeling enterprise architecture functional specification modeling language orthogonality programming paradigm software software archaeology software architecture software configuration management software development methodology software development process software quality software quality assurance software verification and validation structured analysis orientations agile aspectoriented object orientation ontology service orientation sdlc modelsdevelopmental agile eup executable uml incremental model iterative model prototype model rad up scrum spiral model vmodel waterfall model xp other spice cmmi data model er model function model information model metamodeling object model systems model view model languages idef uml usl sysml softwareengineers victor basili kent beck grady booch fred brooks barry boehm peter chen danese cooper ward cunningham tom demarco edsger w dijkstra delores m etter martin fowler adele goldstine margaret hamilton c a r hoare lois haibt mary jean harrold grace hopper watts humphrey michael a jackson ivar jacobson alan kay nancy leveson stephen j mellor bertrand meyer david parnas trygve reenskaug winston w royce james rumbaugh mary shaw peri tarr elaine weyuker niklaus wirth edward yourdon related fields computer science computer engineering project management risk management systems engineering category commons vtecomputable knowledgetopics andconcepts alphabet of human thought authority control automated reasoning commonsense knowledge commonsense reasoning computability formal system inference engine knowledge base knowledgebased systems knowledge engineering knowledge extraction knowledge representation knowledge retrieval library classification logic programming ontology personal knowledge base question answering semantic reasoner proposals andimplementations zairja ars magna1300 an essay towards a real character and a philosophical language1688 calculus ratiocinator and characteristica universalis1700 dewey decimal classification1876 begriffsschrift1879 mundaneum1910 logical atomism1918 tractatus logicophilosophicus1921 hilberts program1920s incompleteness theorem1931 world brain1938 memex1945 general problem solver1959 prolog1972 cyc1984 semantic web2001 evi2007 wolfram alpha2009 watson2011 siri2011 knowledge graph2012 wikidata2012 cortana2014 viv2016 in fiction the engine gullivers travels 1726 joe a logic named joe 1946 the librarian snow crash 1992 dr know ai artificial intelligence 2001 waterhouse the baroque cycle 2003 see also logic machines in fiction and list of fictional computers authority control gnd 48278944 lccn sh2005006014 ndl 01017770 