smartphone smartphones redirects here for the song by trey songz see smartphones song not to be confused with telephone two smartphones a samsung galaxy j5 left and an iphone 6s right smartphones are a class of multipurpose mobile computing device they are distinguished from feature phones by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive mobile operating systems which facilitate wider software internet including web browsing over mobile broadband and multimedia functionality including music video cameras and gaming alongside core phone functions such as voice calls and text messaging smartphones typically include various sensors that can be leveraged by their software such as a magnetometer proximity sensors barometer gyroscope and accelerometer and support wireless communications protocols such as bluetooth wifi and satellite navigation early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market attempting to bridge the functionality of standalone personal digital assistant pda devices with support for cellular telephony but were limited by their battery life bulky form factors and the immaturity of wireless data services in the 2000s blackberry nokias symbian platform and windows phone began to gain market traction with models often featuring qwerty keyboards or resistive touchscreen input and emphasizing access to push email and wireless internet since the 2007 unveiling of the iphone the majority of smartphones have featured thin slatelike form factors with large capacitive screens with support for multitouch gestures rather than physical keyboards and offer the ability for users to download or purchase additional applications from a centralized store and use cloud storage and synchronization virtual assistants as well as mobile payment services improving hardware and faster wireless standards such as lte have bolstered the growth of the smartphone industry in the third quarter of 2012 one billion smartphones were in use worldwide history forerunner ibm simon and charging base 1994 the first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a smartphone began as a prototype called angler developed by frank canova in 1992 while at ibm and demonstrated in november of that year at the comdex computer industry trade show early integration of data signals with telephony the first caller identification receiver 1971 the first integration of data signals with telephony was conceptualized by nikola tesla in 1909 and pioneered by theodore paraskevakos beginning in 1968 with his work on transmission of electronic data through telephone lines in 1971 while he was working with boeing in huntsville alabama paraskevakos demonstrated a transmitter and receiver that provided additional ways to communicate with remote equipment this formed the original basis for what is now known as caller id pdaphone hybrids personal digital assistant in the midlate 1990s many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated pda device running early versions of operating systems such as palm os newton os symbian or windows cepocket pc these operating systems would later evolve into early mobile operating systems most of the smartphones in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar pda oses with basic phone hardware the results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or pdas but allowed a limited amount of cellular internet access the trend at the time however that manufacturers competed on in both mobile phones and pdas was to make devices smaller and slimmer the bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to separate standalone devices generally limited their popularity to early adopters and business users who needed portable connectivity in march 1996 hewlettpackard released the omnigo 700lx a modified hp 200lx palmtop pc with a nokia 2110 mobile phone piggybacked onto it and rombased software to support it it had a 640200 resolution cga compatible fourshade grayscale lcd screen and could be used to place and receive calls and to create and receive text messages emails and faxes it was also 100 dos 50 compatible allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles including early versions of windows the nokia 9000 communicator right and the updated 9110 model left in august 1996 nokia released the nokia 9000 communicator a digital cellular pda based on the nokia 2110 with an integrated system based on the pengeos 30 operating system from geoworks the two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a clamshell design with the display above and a physical qwerty keyboard below the pda provided email calendar address book calculator and notebook applications textbased web browsing and could send and receive faxes when closed the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone in june 1999 qualcomm released the pdq smartphone a cdma digital pcs smartphone with an integrated palm pda and internet connectivity subsequent landmark devices included the ericsson r380 2000 by ericsson mobile communications users could not install their own software on the device however the kyocera 6035 early 2001 a dualnature device with a separate palm os pda operating system and cdma mobile phone firmware it supported limited web browsing with the pda software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem handsprings treo 180 2002 the first smartphone that fully integrated the palm os on a gsm mobile phone having telephony sms messaging and internet access built in to the os the 180 model had a thumbtype keyboard and the 180g version had a graffiti handwriting recognition area instead japanese cell phones in 1999 japanese wireless provider ntt docomo launched imode a new mobile internet platform which provided data transmission speeds up to 96 kilobits per second and access web services available through the platform such as online shopping ntt docomos imode used chtml a language which restricted some aspects of traditional html in favor of increasing data speed for the devices limited functionality small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds available the rise of imode helped ntt docomo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001 and ranked first in market capitalization in japan and second globally this power would later wane in the face of the rise of 3g and new phones with advanced wireless network capabilities japanese cell phones increasingly diverged from global standards and trends to offer other forms of advanced services and functionality such as mobile payments nearfield communication nfc and 1seg mobile television early smartphones several blackberry smartphones which were highly popular in the midlate 2000s smartphones were still rare outside japan until the introduction of the danger hiptop in 2002 which saw moderate success among us consumers as the tmobile sidekick later in the mid2000s business users in the us started to adopt devices based on microsofts windows mobile and then blackberry smartphones from research in motion american users popularized the term crackberry in 2006 due to the blackberrys addictive nature outside the us and japan nokia was seeing success with its smartphones based on symbian originally developed by psion for their personal organisers and it was the most popular smartphone os in europe during the middle to late 2000s initially nokias symbian smartphones were focused on business with the eseries form factor shift the original apple iphone its introduction contributed to the steady rise of smartphones that feature large touchscreen interfaces without physical keypads in the 2000s it was common for smartphones to have a physical t9 numeric keypad or qwerty keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor some smartphones had resistive touchscreens which allowed for virtual keyboards and handwriting input with a finger or a stylus thus also allowing easy entry of asian characters in 2007 the lg prada was the first mobile phone released with a large capacitive touchscreen later that year apple computer introduced the iphone the iphone was also designed around a large capacitive touchscreen but added support for multitouch gestures for interactions such as pinching to zoom in and out on photos and web pages such phones were notable for abandoning the use of a stylus keyboard or keypad typical for smartphones at the time in favor of a capacitive touchscreen for direct finger input as its only input type the iphone was not a smartphone by conventional terms being that a smartphone is a platform device that allows software to be installed the screen focused hardware of phones centered around a capacitive touchscreen stimulated the software to focus on features such as a web browser designed to render full web pages as opposed to stripped down wap services multimedia functionality such as music and videos and online services such as maps apps the advantages of a design around a capacitive touchscreen affected the development of another smartphone os platform android with a more blackberryesque prototype device scrapped in favor of a touchscreen device with a slideout physical keyboard android and iphone devices popularized the smartphone form factor based on a large capacitive touchscreen and led to the decline of earlier keyboard and keypadfocused platforms microsoft for instance discontinued windows mobile and started a new touchscreenoriented os from scratch called windows phone nokia abandoned symbian and partnered with microsoft to use windows phone on its smartphones windows phone became the thirdmostpopular smartphone os before being replaced by windows 10 mobile which declined in share to become largely irrelevant at less than 05 of the smartphone market palm replaced their palm os with webos which was bought by hewlettpackard and later sold to lg electronics for use on lg smart tvs blackberry limited formerly known as research in motion made a new platform based on qnx blackberry 10 with which it was possible to control a device without having to press any physical buttons this platform was later discontinued by the mid2010s almost all smartphones were touchscreenonly and android and iphone smartphones dominated the market developments in the 2010s the iphone x in 2013 fairphone launched its first socially ethical smartphone at the london design festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing in october 2013 motorola mobility announced project ara a concept for a modular smartphone platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with addon modules that attached magnetically to a frame the first smartphone with a fingerprint reader was the motorola atrix 4g in 2011 by 2014 1440p displays began to appear on highend smartphones new trends for smartphone displays began to emerge in 2017 with both lg and samsung releasing flagship smartphones utilizing displays with taller aspect ratios than the common 169 ratio these designs allow the display to have a larger physical size but with a slimmer width than 169 displays with an equivalent screen size future possible developments an example of a flexible display foldable oled smartphones have been anticipated for years but have failed to materialize because of the relatively high failure rate when producing these screens hardware mobile phone features central processing unit smartphones have central processing units cpus similar to those in computers but optimised to operate in low power environments mobile cpu performance depends not only on the clock rate generally given in multiples of hertz but also the memory hierarchy also greatly affects overall performance because of these problems the performance of mobile phone cpus is often more appropriately given by scores derived from various standardized tests to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications display display device a smartphone touchscreen one of the main characteristics of smartphones is the screen depending on the devices design the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a devices front surface many smartphone displays have an aspect ratio of 169 but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017 screen sizes are measured in diagonal inches phones with screens larger than 52 inches are often called phablets smartphones with screens over 45 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface they may need to be shifted around in the hand held in one hand and manipulated by the other or used in place with both hands due to design advances some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and edgetoedge designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 169 displays liquidcrystal displays are the most common others are ips led oled and amoled displays some displays are integrated with pressuresensitive digitizers such as those developed by wacom and samsung and apples 3d touch system sound some audio quality enhancing features such as voice over lte and hd voice have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in long distance calls cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a speakerphone feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear the small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component without holding the phone close to the ear battery a highcapacity portable battery charger by the end of 2017 smartphone battery life has become generally adequate smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home at work and in cars and by buying portable external battery packs external battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable and custommade models that piggyback onto a smartphones case in 2016 samsung had to recall millions of the galaxy note 7 smartphones due to an explosive battery issue accessories a wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones including cases screen protectors power charging cables wireless power stations usb onthego adapters for connecting usb drives and or in some cases a hdmi cable to an external monitor addon batteries headphones combined headphonemicrophones which for example allow a person to privately conduct calls on the device without holding it to the ear and bluetoothenabled powered speakers that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive heavyduty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell some cases have a booklike form with a cover that the user opens to use the device when the cover is closed it protects the screen some booklike cases have additional pockets for credit cards thus enabling people to use them as wallets accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers software mobile operating systems mobile operating system a mobile operating system or mobile os is an operating system for phones tablets smartwatches or other mobile devices mobile operating systems combine features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use usually including and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems a touchscreen cellular bluetooth wifi protected access wifi global positioning system gps mobile navigation video and singleframe picture cameras speech recognition voice recorder music player near field communication and infrared blaster by q1 2018 over 383 million smartphones were sold with 859 percent running android 141 percent running ios and other oses negligible android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system windows and in general smartphone use even without tablets outnumber desktop use mobile devices with mobile communications abilities eg smartphones contain two mobile operating systems the main userfacing software platform is supplemented by a second lowlevel proprietary realtime operating system which operates the radio and other hardware research has shown that these lowlevel systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious base stations to gain high levels of control over the mobile device mobile app mobile app a mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device such as a smartphone the term app is a shortening of the term software application application stores list of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices the introduction of apples app store for the iphone and ipod touch in july 2008 popularized manufacturerhosted online distribution for thirdparty applications software and computer programs focused on a single platform there are a huge variety of apps including video games music products and business tools up until that point smartphone application distribution depended on thirdparty sources providing applications for multiple platforms such as getjar handango handmark and pocketgear following the success of the app store other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores such as googles android market later renamed to the google play store and rims blackberry app world and androidrelated app stores like fdroid in february 2014 93 of mobile developers were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development sales since 1996 smartphone shipments have had positive growth in november 2011 27 of all photographs created were taken with cameraequipped smartphones by manufacturer worldwide smartphones vendors market share source date samsung huawei apple inc xiaomi oppo others reference gartner q2 2018 193 133 119 88 76 390 idc q2 2018 210 159 121 95 86 329 in 2011 samsung had the highest shipment market share worldwide followed by apple in 2013 samsung had 313 market share a slight increase from 303 in 2012 while apple was at 153 a decrease from 187 in 2012 huawei lg and lenovo were at about 5 each significantly better than 2012 figures while others had about 40 the same as the previous years figure only apple lost market share although their shipment volume still increased by 129 percent the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92 percent samsungs mobile business is half the size of apples by revenue apple business has been increasing very rapidly over the past 4 years by operating system further information mobile operating system by operating system use see also mobile phone use social mobile phone overuse a 2012 university of southern california study found that unprotected adolescent sexual activity was more common among owners of smartphones mobile banking and payment mobile payment system mobile banking and mobile payment see also branchless banking and contactless payment in many countries mobile phones are used to provide mobile banking services which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure sms text message kenyas mpesa mobile banking service for example allows customers of the mobile phone operator safaricom to hold cash balances which are recorded on their sim cards cash can be deposited or withdrawn from mpesa accounts at safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies branchless banking has been successful in south africa and the philippines a pilot project in bali was launched in 2011 by the international finance corporation and an indonesian bank bank mandiri another application of mobile banking technology is zidisha a usbased nonprofit microlending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from web users worldwide zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments transferring funds from lenders in the united states to borrowers in rural africa who have mobile phones and can use the internet mobile payments were first trialled in finland in 1998 when two cocacola vending machines in espoo were enabled to work with sms payments eventually the idea spread and in 1999 the philippines launched the countrys first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators globe and smart some mobile phones can make mobile payments via direct mobile billing schemes or through contactless payments if the phone and the point of sale support near field communication nfc while driving mobile phones and driving safety and texting while driving a new york city driver holding two phones a user consulting a mapping app on a phone mobile phone use while drivingincluding calling text messaging playing media web browsing gaming using mapping apps or operating other phone featuresis common but controversial since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as distracted driving being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents in september 2010 the us national highway traffic safety administration nhtsa reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones in march 2011 a us insurance company state farm insurance announced the results of a study which showed 19 of drivers surveyed accessed the internet on a smartphone while driving many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving in egypt israel japan portugal and singapore both handheld and handsfree calling on a mobile phone which uses a speakerphone is banned in other countries including the uk and france and in many us states only the use of calling on handheld phones is banned while handsfree use is permitted a 2011 study reported that over 90 of college students surveyed text initiate reply or read while driving the scientific literature on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone or texting while driving is limited a simulation study at the university of utah found a sixfold increase in distractionrelated accidents when texting due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices this is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and handsfree usage rather than those which ban handheld use only as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver this can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when in fact they were using the device legally for example when using the phones incorporated controls for car stereo gps or satnav a sign along bellaire boulevard in southside place texas greater houston states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 730 am to 930 am and from 200 pm to 415 pm a 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while cycling and its effects on behavior and safety accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a call on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding in the united kingdom from 27 february 2007 motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of 60 public health law research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the united states this database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the district of columbia between 1992 when first law was passed through december 1 2010 the dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous continuous or categorical variables including for example activities regulated eg texting versus talking handsfree versus handheld calls web browsing gaming targeted populations and exemptions legal smartphone wars a patent war between samsung and apple started when the latter claimed that the original galaxy s android phone copied the interfaceand possibly the hardwareof apples ios for the iphone 3gs there was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving sony mobile google apple inc samsung microsoft nokia motorola htc huawei and zte among others the conflict is part of the wider patent wars between multinational technology and software corporations to secure and increase market share companies granted a patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers since the 2010s the number of lawsuits countersuits and trade complaints based on patents and designs in the market for smartphones and devices based on smartphone oses such as android and ios has increased significantly initial suits countersuits rulings license agreements and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012 facsimile some apps allows for sending and receiving facsimile fax over a smartphone including facsimile data composed of raster bilevel graphics generated directly and digitally from document and image file formats medical mobile app with the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications these concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice security mobile security malware mobile virus and media transfer protocol smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store leaked documents published by wikileaks codenamed vault 7 and dated from 20132016 detail the capabilities of the united states central intelligence agency cia to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones including ios and android sleep electronic media and sleep using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep due to the blue light and brightly lit screen which affects melatonin levels and sleep cycles in an effort to alleviate these issues several apps that change the color temperature of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated have been developed for android while ios 93 integrated similar systemlevel functionality known as night shift amazon released a feature known as blue shade in their fire os bellini 50 and later it has also been theorized that for some users addicted use of their phones especially before they go to bed can result in ego depletion many people also use their phones as alarm clocks which can also lead to loss of sleep bokeh cameras pocket cameras have difficulty producing bokeh in images but nowadays some smartphones have duallens cameras that produce the bokeh effect easily and can even rearrange the level of bokeh after shooting the iphone 7 plus debuted with a duallens camera in the back of the smartphone huawei p20 pro smartphone with triple lenses in the back of the smartphone has been launched as bokeh camera smartphone with optical zoom first lens has 40mp rgb second lens has 20mp monochrome and third lens has 8mp rgb telephoto 3x the zoom can be enhanced to 5x with combination of the optical zoom and megapixel lens 40mp rgb to produce undeteriorated opticaldigital zoom or digital zoom without loss of quality smartphone portal internet portal comparison of smartphones lists of mobile computers list of mobile software distribution platforms media transfer protocol mobile internet device portable media player second screen smartphone zombie ereader media related to smartphone at wikimedia commons vtecomputer sizesclasses of computersmicrocomputerpersonalcomputerstationary workstation desktop home personal supercomputer portable tabletop smart tv interactive kiosk game arcade cabinet system board home console microconsole sff nettop plug smart speaker mobilelaptop desktop replacement 2in1 subnotebook netbook smartbook ultrabook ultramobile pc tablet ultramobile pc 2in1 phablet tabletop handheld handheld pc palmtop pc pocket computer pda electronic organizer mobile phone feature phone smartphone phablet pmp ereader handheld game console portablemobile data terminal calculator scientific programmable graphing wearable digital wristwatch calculator watch smartwatch smartglasses smart ring midrange server minicomputer supermini large super mainframe minisuper others microcontroller nanocomputer singleboard computer smartdust wireless sensor network vtemobile phonesgeneral features gsm services history operating system security telephony airplane mode text messaging sms mms rcs spam tracking web browsing html5 softwareapps development distribution management cloud computing commerce banking marketing advertising campaigns payments contactless donating ticketing content blogging email gambling gaming health instant messaging learning music news search local social address book television culture charms comics dating japanese culture novels ringtones silent mode selfie txtspk wallpaper devices manufacturers 3d phone camera phone car phone feature phone projector phone satellite phone smartphone sim lock form factors bar flip phablet slider smartwatch smartphones android devices rooting blackberry 10 iphone ios jailbreaking opensource mobile phones symbian devices windows phone devices environment and health blackberry thumb driving safety electronic waste external power supply phantom vibration syndrome radiation and health recycling law carrier iq use restrictions while driving legality of recording by civilians photography and the law telephone tapping texting while driving mobile phones in prison networking channel capacity frequencies multiband network operator list roaming signal sim dual sim standards comparison tethering voip wap xhtmlmp generations 0g 1g 2g 3g adoption 35g 4g 45g 5g vtemobile operating systemslinuxkernel android forks bada ezx linux firefox os b2g os kaios maemo maemo leste meego mer sailfish os moblin motomagx openembedded ngstrm kaeilos openmoko linux qtmoko shr postmarketos tizen ubuntu touch ubports webos luneos xnu ios qnx blackberry 10 blackberry tablet os windows windows xp tablet pc edition windows mobile windows phone 7 8 81 windows rt windows 10 mobile zircon fuchsia other blackberry os epoc geos magic cap nintendo dsi nintendo 3ds s30 s30 s40 nokia asha platform palmdos palm os psp ps vita symbian comparison of mobile operating systems list of mobile app distribution platforms open handset alliance open mobile alliance mobile app development vtetelecommunications history beacon broadcasting cable protection system cable tv communications satellite computer network drums electrical telegraph fax heliographs hydraulic telegraph internet mass media mobile phone optical telecommunication optical telegraphy pager photophone prepay mobile phone radio radiotelephone satellite communications semaphore smartphone smoke signals telecommunications history telautograph telegraphy teleprinter teletype telephone the telephone cases television timeline of communication technology undersea telegraph line videoconferencing videophone videotelephony whistled languagepioneers edwin howard armstrong john logie baird paul baran alexander graham bell tim bernerslee jagadish chandra bose vint cerf claude 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cb15561010h data gnd 48459227 lccn sh2007006251 ndl 01155746 